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NAD Prescribed

A broadsheet reading of the NAD+ literature, filed under precursors — the human NMN and NR trials that actually raised blood NAD+, what the numbers were, and where oral 'NAD+' and the IV drip part company from the evidence.

Study list / The papers behind the results

What each NAD+ reference helps you check

Researchers tested ingredients to raise NAD+ and hoped for health gains. These papers report the results. You can find the study behind each claim here.

Go back to the study findingsReturn to NMN and NR

How the study list helps you read a health claim

Teams studied NAD+ ingredients hoping to improve health. Before trusting a claim, I’d check who received which treatment. The numbered entries below link you to those papers.

NR at one hundred milligrams daily raised blood NAD+ twenty-two percent. Three hundred milligrams gave a fifty-one percent rise; one thousand milligrams gave a one hundred forty-two percent rise. Those separate rises appear as 22%/51%/142% in the study.

NMN tests used 250–900 milligrams daily. A direct test found NMN and NR roughly doubled blood NAD+, while nicotinamide didn’t. The entries give names, years and links so you can find each paper.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Okabe K, Yaku K, Uchida Y, et al. Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Healthy Subjects. Front Nutr. 2022;9:868640. ↗
  7. Igarashi M, Nakagawa-Nagahama Y, Miura M, et al. Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. NPJ Aging. 2022;8(1):5. ↗
  8. Freeberg KA, Udovich CC, Martens CR, et al. Dietary Supplementation With NAD+-Boosting Compounds in Humans: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2023;78(12):2435-2448. ↗
  9. Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. ↗
  10. Boo YC. Mechanistic Basis and Clinical Evidence for the Applications of Nicotinamide (Niacinamide) to Control Skin Aging and Pigmentation. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(8):1315. ↗
  11. Han S, Du Z, Liu K, Gong S. Nicotinamide riboside protects noise-induced hearing loss by recovering the hair cell ribbon synapses. Neurosci Lett. 2020;725:134910. ↗
  12. Audrito V, Managò A, La Vecchia S, et al. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as a Therapeutic Target in BRAF-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(3):djx198. ↗
  13. Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, et al. Vitamin B3 modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science. 2017;355(6326):756-760. ↗
  14. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  15. Christen S, et al. The differential impact of three different NAD+ boosters on circulatory NAD and microbial metabolism in humans. Nat Metab. 2026. ↗